Pointed Question: Was K.I. Sawyer woman infected by a used drug needle?: Female victim taken to hospital early today

URGENT – U.P. Breaking News Bulletin – 4-2-18 – 5:42 a.m. ET

K.I. Sawyer woman fears she was infected by a discarded needle in a dryer

By Greg Peterson
U.P. Breaking News
Owner, News Director
906-273-2433

Drug/Needle Disposal Sites in Marquette County

(Gwinn, MI) – Most Marquette County residents are aware of the relentless drug problems facing the community including at the former K.I. Sawyer near Gwinn, MI

But its still rare to hear about people poked by random needles and becoming infected at the former air force base – that the military left in its dust over 20 years ago.

A K.I. Sawyer woman was rushed to the hospital in Marquette this morning after possibly becoming infected by a needle while taking clothes out of a dryer.

An ambulance was called for the victim at 12:01 a.m. ET this morning, April 2, 2018.

The ambulance was sent to a residence on the 300 block of Commando Street at K.I. Sawyer for the woman who feared she had contracted an infection after she was “poked with a needle” apparently earlier – although the time frame hasnot been released.

Dispatched to the call at 312 Commando St. were Skandia/West Branch EMS and U.P. Health System-Marquette paramedics

“Apparently she was taking clothes out of a dryer and was poked by the needle,” a Marquette County 911 dispatcher radioed paramedics en-route to the incident.

“It’s unknown who it (the needle/syringe) belongs to or if it was used,” the dispatcher told responding paramedics. “She is having pain in her left arm that she was poked in and also states her veins look funny.”

Officials have not released information on the incident including the location of the dryer identified by the victim.

Pelkie Woman: She served federal time for bath salts distribution in the Marquette area – and now is suspected of dealing meth; arrested with her man in St. Ignace, MI

Update: 3-25-18 5 p.m. ET

U.P. Breaking News has identified the second suspect arrested in Pelkie meth probe:

Ronald Francis Thompson lived with Kristin Bergeron and lived with her in Puuri Rd in Pelkie. Both are suspects in a meth investigation:

Ronald Francis Thompson

Ronald Francis Thompson

 

One Baraga County resident remains jailed in the eastern Upper Peninsula, whereabouts of other suspect unclear – as police investigate the couple for allegedly distributing meth – the female half already served time for being part of bath salts ring

By Greg Peterson
U.P. Breaking News
Owner, News Director
906-273-2433

(Baraga County, MI) – At least one member of a Baraga County couple jailed in the eastern U.P. for suspected meth distribution served time for dealing a powerfully addictive drug with an extreme amphetamine-like buzz called bath salts – one of several drug epidemics that have swept the U.P. since the 90s.

Kristin Ellen Bergeron

34-year-old Kristin Ellen Bergeron of Pelkie, MI was one of two people arrested on Wed., March 14, 2018 in Mackinac County by troopers from the Michigan State Police St. Ignace Post.

Bergeron and her “civil union” partner – also 34 years old – are expected to face meth distribution-related  charges in Baraga County. Detectives also confiscated a weapon.

Federal prosecutors got a guilty plea from Bergeron in 2014  for being involved in a bath salts ring. She was sentenced to 18 months in federal prison – no parole. (scroll down to read press release).

Federal agents worked hard with U.P. drug teams to wipe out the bath salts epidemic that swept the U.P. in the late 2010. Another big epidemic that swept northern Michigan was CAT – or methcathinone. The drugs all provided a speed like buzz – with ghastly side-effects.

Why meth is worst so far: God Bless our drug teams but they do not have the funding and manpower to make a dent in the problem including funds for massive operation  going after those who ship ephedrine to the U.P. – or drive it here

All these highly-addictive drugs happened to otherwise good people in the Upper Peninsula, where family values still have a credible meaning.

The drugs simply changed them – consuming the lives of the addicts – though rehab helps. That’s another problem

If there were more treatment facilities in the U.P. lots more people could become healthy instead of choosing the abyss. Remember if you love the person, do not be judgmental- as addicts already know what they have done.
The meth epidemic and the drop in heroin prices have led to the worst of the epidemics so far – due to the vast number of users (and poverty) – versus relatively small police drug teams.

The drug teams could use twice the funding and manpower to really make a bigger effect – more if you want to end it for all practical purposes.
However our readers say that China is pumping ephedrine into the U.P. (a critical component of meth) – and so are dealers from bigger Midwestern cities.

With the large epidemic under way in U.P. history – its important to wipe out meth by turning in dealers and providing treatment to others (yes they are victims).

“Bath Salts”

Alpha-pyrrolidinopentiphenone, commonly known as alpha-PVP, and pentylone.

The term “bath salts” refers to a group of substances containing synthetic cathinones that all have similar chemical properties. These substances have a powerful amphetamine-like effect on the central nervous system when consumed. Synthetic cathinones are chemically similar to the natural drug cathinone, a drug that comes from khat plants in east Africa.

Kristin Ellen Bergeron

Kristin Ellen Bergeron

In Mackinac County, the pair are charged with operating under the influence of drugs and possession of methamphetamine.

During the raid, UPSET “seized several more grams of methamphetamine, as well as scales, packaging for distribution, and a firearm.”

Press release by federal prosecutors on May 14, 2014:

MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN – U.S. District Judge R. Allan Edgar sentenced three people for their involvement in distributing two powerful “bath salts” – alpha-pyrrolidinopentiphenone, which is commonly known as alpha-PVP, and pentylone – for human consumption in the Upper Peninsula.

Scott Bernard Will, age 56, of Mass City, Michigan, received a sentence of 137 months (11 ½ years) in federal prison. Last December, a federal jury in Marquette found Will guilty of distributing and conspiring to distribute alpha-PVP and pentylone in Baraga and Houghton Counties. In imposing the sentence, Judge Edgar commented on Will’s extensive criminal history, noting that Will was a “walking crime wave.”

Also sentenced were Derrick John Guzek, age 34, also of Mass City, and Kristen Ellen Bergeron, age 31, of Pelkie, Michigan. Guzek received a sentence of 16 months in prison while Bergeron was sentenced to 18 months.

The term “bath salts” refers to a group of substances containing synthetic cathinones that all have similar chemical properties. These substances have a powerful amphetamine-like effect on the central nervous system when consumed. Synthetic cathinones are chemically similar to the natural drug cathinone, a drug that comes from khat plants in east Africa.

The evidence presented at trial showed that Will began selling bath salts in the Marquette area in 2011. He was jailed for his activities from June 2011 until November 2012. But, upon release from jail, he went back to selling the substances. Will’s sales of alpha-PVP and pentylone in Baraga and Houghton Counties in early 2013 drew the attention of the Upper Peninsula Substance Enforcement Team and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs.

An undercover officer made a number of purchases of these substances from Mr. Will and his co-conspirators in March and April 2013. He and his co-conspirators were arrested in April 2013. Guzek and Bergeron pled guilty and testified for the government. Will went to trial in Marquette on December 9, 2013.

As part of its case, the government presented testimony from users who said that the bath salts sold to them by Will were extremely powerful and addictive. They reported staying up for days after injecting the substances, and experiencing psychosis, paranoia and suicidal thoughts. Judge Edgar noted that the users were “physically wrecked by these drugs.”

The evidence at trial showed Will specifically targeted people with drug problems by offering the substances for free. Once the user was hooked, Will charged up to $200 per gram.

This case was investigated by the Michigan State Police as part of the Upper Peninsula Substance Enforcement Team and the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Assistant U.S. Attorneys Maarten Vermaat and Paul D. Lochner prosecuted the case.

https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdmi/pr/2014_0515_SWill_etal.html

On Thursday, March 15, 2018 – agents from the Upper Peninsula Substance Enforcement team (UPSET) raided the couple’s home near Pelkie, MI. UPSET executed a search warrant at the couple’s residence on Puuri Road in Baraga County.

Bergeron’s 34-year-old male partner was jailed in Mackinac County – but is no longer listed as an inmate.

Baraga County is among the growing number of  U.P. counties who refuse to publicly release info on booked suspects – so it is unclear if he is out on bond – or has been transferred.

If you know the other suspect’s name (partner of Bergeron) please contact U.P. Breaking News.

Bergeron is a native of Dearborn Heights, according to her Facebook page.

https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdmi/pr/2014_0515_SWill_etal.html

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/USCOURTS-miwd-2_13-cr-00009/USCOURTS-miwd-2_13-cr-00009-10

UPSET Commander Lt. Timothy “Tim” L. Sholander and the entire UPET team hope you will turn in meth dealers – as it is a scrounge that has ruined thousands of U.P. families – along with the other easy-to-get highly addictive drugs like heroin, fentanyl and cocaine.

Do you have information about illegal drugs in your community?
Contact UPSET at 906-228-1002 or leave an anonymous tip on the UPSET website at http://www.upsetdrugs.com

Psychedelic Bust: Houghton County teen busted by UPSET for allegedly peddling LSD, Psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana

URGENT URGENT – U.P. Breaking News Bulletin – 3-7-18 – 5:35 p.m.

Magic Mushrooms Investigation: UPSET busts an alleged LSD, Psilocybin Mushrooms and Marijuana dealer in Houghton County

By Greg Peterson
U.P. Breaking News
Owner, News Director
906-273-2433

(Houghton, MI) – A teenager has been arrested for allegedly peddling pot as part of an ongoing UPSET probe into LSD, psychedelic mushrooms and marijuana.

18-year-old Ethan Willmert of Houghton, MI was arrested on Friday, March 2, 2018 – however his arrest was not announced until today. Willmert was charged with two felony counts of the delivery/manufacture of marijuana.

UPSET says more arrests and additional charges are planned.

Willmert was arrested following a month-long investigation by the Upper Peninsula Substance Enforcement Team.

 

Psilocybin mushrooms

 

Willmert was arrested for allegedly selling Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), psychedelic Psilocybin mushrooms (aka magic mushrooms), and marijuana.

Willmert was arraigned on Monday and released on a $5,000 bond.

UPSET detectives were assisted by the Hancock Police Department and the Houghton Police Department

Five busted in Manistique, MI drug raids and undercover buys – plus recent drug arrests in Marquette and Escanaba area

URGENT – U.P. Breaking News Bulletin – 2-0-18 – 9:44 p.m. ET

Manistique drug raids and undercover buys net five arrests – and recent busts for drugs in Escanaba and Marquette areas

Daniel Joe Baker

Shane Henry

27-year-old Dimitri Mishko of Manistique, MI

Angie Jean Gwaltney

Katy Marie McGinnis

By Greg Peterson
U.P. Breaking News
Owner, News Director
906-273-2433

(Manistique, MI) – Drug raids and undercover buys  in Schoolcraft County resulted in the arrest of five Manistique area residents on controlled substance sales charges ranging from meth to Vicodin to Suboxone.

Arrested on drug charges were Manistique area residents 47-year-old Daniel Joe Baker, 30-year-old Katy Marie McGinnis, 43-year-old Shane David Henry, 27-year-old Dimitri Mishko and 26-year-old Angie Jean Gwaltney.

Daniel Baker

Shane Henry

Dimitri Mishko

Angie Jean Gwaltney

Katy McGinnis

McGinnis, Baker, and Henry  are charged with being habitual offenders – ranging from second to fourth offense.

All but Gwaltney are charged with the seven-year felony delivering/manufacturing suboxone.

Baker is charged with manufacture/delivery of Vicodin, a 20-year-felony.

Gwaltney was charged with delivery of methamphetamine.

Witnesses tell U.P. Breaking News that officers searched a home – after a lengthy investigation into repeated allegations of drug dealing at the house.

One source says two other people were sent to prison a few years ago – after allegedly dealing pills out of the home.

“It’s a known drug house with previous arrests of people living there and staying there,” sources  say.

Related links:

Schoolcraft County Sheriff Paul W. Furman

www.schoolcraftcounty.net/PDF/Sheriff.pdf

www.schoolcraftcounty.net/departments_1.php?go=Sheriff

——-

30-year-old Chayse Beauchamp of Escanaba, MI was booked into the DCDC at 11:20 p.m. on Thurs., Feb. 8, 2018 and released on bond just before 6 a.m. Friday (today) morning.
Beauchamp is charged with operating under the influence of a controlled substance and possession of marijuana.

——-

18-year-old Anthony Jordan Bukowski of Escanaba, MI was booked into the DCDC about midnight on Tues., Feb. 6, 2018.
Bukowski is charged with two controlled substance offenses – possession of analogues and possession of marijuana.
Bond has not been set for Bukowski.

——-

Elizabeth Hollko

30-year-old Elizabeth May Holkko of Ishpeming. MI was booked into the MCJ at 1:19 a.m. on Fri., Feb, 2, 2018.

Holkko is charged with possession of Schedule I, II, II narcotics, and a second-offense controlled substance charge involving driving with a revoked/suspended driver’s license.

Hollko is jailed with a $7.500 bond.

——-

40-year-old Michael Lamb of Marquette, MI was booked into the MCJ at 3:24 p.m. on Mon., Feb. 5, 2018.
Lamb is charged with two counts of use of marijuana.
Total bond is set at $1,500 for Lamb.

——-

Scumbag Gwinn, MI heroin dealer Derrick Garrell Samuels convicted Friday: BAM GUILTY ON ALL CHARGES: PLUS URGENT URGENT URGENT – 30-year-old Jessica Lynn Tobias is NOT GUILTY !!!: 30-year-old Jessica Lynn Tobias of Sault Ste. Marie, MI was cleared of being heroin dealer by a federal jury in Marquette, MI – Judge made it official on Wednesday – Free and clear of all charges – Jury hands huge loss to federal prosecutors who had guilty plea from a co-defendant – and video/audio tapes

URGENT URGENT URGENT – U.P. Breaking News Bulletin – 2-9-18 – 6:45 p.m. ET

GUILTY GUILTY – Dirt bag heroin dealer Derrick Garrell Samuels a/k/a “Bam”

Scumbag heroin Derrick Garrell Samuels

2-9-18 GUILTY Derrick Garrell Samuels aka Bam the Heroin Man

2-8-18 – 2 a.m. ET

Federal Jury returns not guilty verdict for Jessica Lynn Tobias of the Soo – Not guilty of being a heroin dealer

Accused heroin dealer acquitted by federal jury in Marquette, MI

By Greg Peterson
U.P. Breaking News
Owner, News Director
906-273-2433

(Marquette, MI) – In a stunning not guilty verdict, a federal jury in Marquette, Michigan has declared that 30-year-old Jessica Lynn Tobias of Sault Ste. Marie, MI. was not a heroin dealer.

Chief United States District Judge Robert J. Jonker

The federal jury verdict means Tobias is free and clear. The jury told the judge they had reached a verdict about 5:20 p.m. on Tuesday night, Feb. 6, 2018.

On Wednesday, the judge formerly dropped the charges – however Tobias was immediately released after the verdict.

The indictment is dismissed due to the jury acquittal.

It is a huge defeat for federal prosecutors after spending untold thousands on the trial.

In their arsenal of evidence, federal prosecutors had audio and videotapes/ Plus they had a co-defendant that pleaded guilty and testified against Tobias.

Her co-defendant – 27-year-old Joseph Gideon Gravelle of Sault Ste. Marie, MI – has entered into a plea agreement with federal prosecutors and pleaded guilty to count one of the heroin conspiracy indictment. Gravelle will be sentenced on April 11, 2018 by Judge Jonker.

He pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute heroin. He faces up to 20 years in a federal prison.

2-6-17 Judge rules on guilty plea 27-year-old Joseph Gideon Gravelle of Sault Ste. Marie, MI.

Tobias was found not guilty of the following indictment/charge:

Count 1 – Conspiracy to Distribute and Possess with Intent to Distribute Heroin
Maximum penalty: Not more than twenty years and/or $1,000,000 fine- Supervised Release: Not less than 3 years and up to life. Probation of not less than one nor more than five years. Submitted on June 20, 2017 by federal prosecutor Paul D. Lochner in Marquette.

Bam the alleged drug man – Derrick Garrell Samuels a/k/a “Bam”

Also in federal court in Marquette, Mi is the trial this week of accused heroin dealer 42-year-old Derrick “Bam” Samuels of Gwinn, MI. This includes a list of exhibits and uncontested facts between Samuels and federal prosecutors. Here are the latest filings in past two days:

2-7-18 Uncontested facts 42-year-old Derrick Garrel Samuels of Gwinn MI.

2-6-18 Govt. Exhibit list 42-year-old Derrick Garrel Samuels of Gwinn

2-5-18 compel witness testimony

Read the verdict:

Jessica Tobias Not Guilty (1)

Jessica Tobias Not Guilty (2)

For more background:

https://upperpeninsulabreakingnews.wordpress.com/2018/02/04/federal-judge-makes-rare-saturday-ruling-in-case-of-jessica-tobias-and-a-omnibus-hearing-is-set-for-monday-in-the-trial-of-a-gwinn-man-charged-with-heroin-sales-also-issues-over-immunity-for-prosec/

https://upperpeninsulabreakingnews.wordpress.com/2018/01/29/two-big-heroin-cases-set-to-be-tried-in-marquette-federal-court-with-jury-selection-next-week-you-wont-believe-the-tons-of-heroin-dealing-records-just-released-by-federal-prosecutors-as-they-prep/

Federal Judge makes rare Saturday ruling in case of Jessica Tobias, and a omnibus hearing is set for Monday in the trial of a Gwinn man charged with heroin sales – also issues over immunity for prosecution witnesses.

URGENT – U.P. Breaking News Bulletin – 2-4-18 – 4 p.m. ET – Update Federal Heroin Trial/Jury selection in Marquette, MI

Marquette federal heroin trials include many motions – and prompts Saturday ruling from a federal judge

Set to stand trial 30-year-old Jessica Lynn Tobias of Sault Ste. Marie, MI

 

27-year-old Joseph Gideon Gravelle of Colorado Spring and Sault Ste. Marie, MI: Just pleaded guilty and will testify against Tobias

By Greg Peterson
U.P. Breaking News
Owner, News Director
906-273-2433
(Marquette,MI) – In a rare Saturday ruling, a federal judge approved an admission of undisputed facts involving alleged heroin buys from a Soo woman who is on trial in Marquette Federal Court.

And sentencing set for co-defendant 27-year-old Joseph Gideon Gravelle of Sault Ste. Marie, MI. (scroll down a bit for those details), who will testify against accused heroin dealer 30-year-old Jessica Lynn Tobias of Sault Ste. Marie, MI.

Jury selection started last week in Marquette, MI in two back to back federal heroin trials in unrelated cases from the Soo and Gwinn.

In an unrelated trial that is scheduled before Tobias’s trial – is the case of “Bam” the alleged heroin man:

And the jury selection and federal trial of another alleged heroin dealer from Gwinn now involves immunity for prosecution material witnesses – who may refuse to testify or give false testimony to the jury.

An omnibus hearing is set for 8 a.m. ET in federal court for this Monday, Feb. 5. 2018 in the trial of Alleged Gwinn, MI heroin dealer 42-year-old Derrick “Bam” Garrel Samuels of Gwinn, MI.
There is also concern over other witnesses and self-incrimination – they are heroin suspects Russel Leslie Gustafson, Julaine Nicole Mankowsi, Katie Marie Seymour, and Sara Ann Turner.

Katie Marie Seymour

Julaine Nicole Mankowsi

Russel Leslie Gustafson

Sara Ann Turner

“The government has reason to believe that one or more of these witnesses, upon being duly sworn, is likely to refuse to give or provide testimony on the basis of the privilege against self incrimination.,” a motion states.

Federal prosecutors have filed a motion asking the judge “to issue an order compelling the testimony of Julaine Nicole Mankowski, Katie Marie Seymour and Sara Ann Turner.”

On Friday, a judge ruled Mankowski and Gustafson can testify with immunity for this trial.
It is not clear if the judge has granted immunity for Turner and Seymore, but likely would.

Federal Public Defender Sharon A.Turek

In the second unrelated case, accused heroin dealer 30-year-old Jessica Lynn Tobias of Sault Ste. Marie, MI is on trial for what could be a big part of her future life.
This after the judge denied a defense motion demanding to see the heroin allegedly sold by Tobias almost five years ago.

Chief United States District Judge Robert J. Jonker

The judge did not see the value of ordering prosecutors to produce the actual heroin packages that would have been shown to the Tobias jury.
The rulings were made by Chief United States District Judge Robert J. Jonker.

Tobias is represented by Assistant Federal Public Defender Elizabeth A. LaCosse (above right) and Federal Public Defender Sharon A. Turek (above left).
The judge late last week approved the proposed new defense questions for prospective jurors including have they ever heard the word “snitch.”

Another defense question was would you believe the testimony of a convicted drug dealer. One more defense question is would you believe testimony from Tobias even though she is charged in a “criminal conspiracy.”

(Scroll down to read all the recent federal documents or download for free, U.P. Breaking News paid for them)

In the wake of the rulings, the defense has agreed with the prosecution on certain facts. It’s not clear what the defense strategy will be – as now they concede Tobias was involved in the heroin sales to undercover SANE agents. Possibly that the heroin buys were a pressured set-up that she was forced into.

Those facts – really admissions – were approved Saturday by Judge Jonker in a “stipulation of uncontested facts.”

Her co-defendant – Gravelle – has entered into a plea agreement with federal prosecutors and pleaded guilty to count one of the heroin conspiracy indictment.

Gravelle will be sentenced on April 4, 2018 by Judge Jonker.

He pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute heroin. He faces up to 20 years in a federal prison.

Gravelle was bound over on December 22, 2015 on state charges of manufacturing/delivery of a controlled substance and maintaining a drug house. Gravelle and was charged as an habitual offender.

Gravelle was one of 12 people busted on December 1 by the Tri-County Drug Enforcement TaskForce (TRIDENT). The state charges became federal charges, as often happens with U.P. drug probes.

Joseph Gideon Gravelle:
Count 1 – Conspiracy to Distribute and Possess with Intent to Distribute Heroin
Maximum penalty: Not more than twenty years and/or $1,000,000 fine Supervised Release: Not less than 3 years and up to life

Straits Area Narcotics Enforcement (SANE): SANE is a multijurisdictional drug task force team the investigates drug and criminal activity in Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Emmet, Luce, Mackinac, and Otsego Counties.

• April 13, 2012 controlled purchase involving Tobias. SANE officers seized four small aluminum foil folded heroin bindles
• May 24, 2012 controlled purchase from Tobias. SANE officers seized four small white paper folded heroin bindles
• May 24, 2012 second controlled purchase involving Tobias. SANE officers seized three small white paper folded heroin bindles
• June 26, 2012 controlled purchase involving co-defendant Joseph Gideon Gravelle. SANE officers seized a knotted plastic bag containing heroin – a light brown powder
• July 24, 2012, controlled purchase involving co-defendant Joseph Gideon Gravelle. SANE officers seized a small knotted plastic bag containing heroin as a light brown powder

The heroin was verified in a Michigan State Police )MSP) lab by forensic scientist Karen S. Brooks, with Forensic Science Division of the MSP Controlled Substances Unit.

United States Attorney Andrew Byerly Birge, Western District of Michigan

Federal Prosecutors in Marquette, MI: Asst. U.S. Attorney Hannah Bobee, left, and Asst. U.S. Attorney Paul Lochner, right.

The federal prosecutors in the case are Assistant United States Attorney Paul D. Lochner (above right) and United States Attorney Andrew Byerly Birge (above left), Western District of Michigan.

Background: with lots of exhibits

https://upperpeninsulabreakingnews.wordpress.com/2018/01/29/two-big-heroin-cases-set-to-be-tried-in-marquette-federal-court-with-jury-selection-next-week-you-wont-believe-the-tons-of-heroin-dealing-records-just-released-by-federal-prosecutors-as-they-prep/

Read the motions, we paid for them, download for free:

Tobias admits stipulated facts with Tobias admissions 2-3-18

Tobias proposed supplemental voir dire 2-2-18

Tobias business records motion 1-24-17

Julaine Nicole Mankowsi immunity motion, ruling (1)

Julaine Nicole Mankowsi immunity motion, ruling (2)

Julaine Nicole Mankowsi immunity motion, ruling (3)

Omnibus Hrg 1-5-18 for Derrick Garrel Samuels of Gwinn, MI.

Derrick Garrel Samuels Change of plea hearing 1-22-18

Gravelle Sentenciing date set 1-18-17 for April 11, 2018

Plea Agreement report and recommendation Magistrate Judge Greeley to Judge Maloney 1-22-18

Plea agreement for 42-year-old Derrick Garrel Samuels of Gwinn, MI 1-4-18